GLP-1 supplements have become a trending topic as people search for more affordable, over-the-counter alternatives to prescription medications like semaglutide (Ozempic®, Wegovy®) and tirzepatide (Mounjaro®, Zepbound®). With compounded versions of both medications now essentially unavailable, the interest in so-called “natural” GLP-1 alternatives is growing rapidly.
But what do these supplements actually do? Do they really work? And, most importantly, are they safe?
Despite bold marketing claims, GLP-1 supplements do not contain GLP-1 itself, nor do they function as GLP-1 receptor agonists like their prescription counterparts. Instead, they are typically blends of plant extracts, fibers, or other compounds that are promoted as a way to stimulate the body’s own GLP-1 secretion or attempt to mimic some of its metabolic effects.
However, the science supporting these supplements is limited and largely preliminary. Most available research is based on small, short-term human studies, animal models, or lab experiments – not large-scale clinical trials. And while some ingredients may offer modest benefits for appetite or blood sugar control, they do not provide the same clinically proven results of GLP-1 medications.
Even more concerning, some products marketed as natural weight loss aids have been found to contain undeclared prescription drugs or banned substances, posing real safety risks. In certain cases, supplements that appear to cause noticeable weight loss may be adulterated with unlisted medications – a serious issue that has led to numerous FDA warnings.
In this article, we’ll take an evidence-based look at the most common ingredients found in GLP-1 supplements, what the research says, what the risks are, and what you should realistically expect if you’re considering these products.
What Are GLP-1 Supplements?
GLP-1 supplements are over-the-counter products marketed as a natural way to support or enhance the body’s production of GLP-1. GLP-1 is a hormone involved in blood sugar regulation, appetite control, and digestion. But it’s important to understand that these products do not contain GLP-1 itself, nor do they work in the same way as prescription medications like semaglutide or tirzepatide.
Prescription GLP-1 medications mimic the body’s own GLP-1 hormone, directly activating GLP-1 receptors to produce clinically significant effects, such as appetite suppression, improved insulin response, and weight loss.
In contrast, over-the-counter GLP-1 supplements typically include a mix of ingredients such as:
- Berberine
- Curcumin (from turmeric)
- Capsaicin (from chili peppers)
- Bitter melon
- Psyllium husk
- Prebiotic fibers
- Yerba mate
- And more
According to the marketing materials of GLP-1 supplements, these ingredients may influence GLP-1 levels indirectly by stimulating the body’s own production or by acting on related pathways in the gut. But let’s take a closer look…
Marketing vs. Science
Despite the growing number of GLP-1 supplements on the market, the evidence supporting these products is limited – at best. The fact is that no over-the-counter supplement has been proven to significantly or consistently increase GLP-1 levels in humans. The few studies that do exist are often small, short-term, or conducted in animals.
Safety Concerns
While GLP-1 supplements are marketed as natural or plant-based alternatives to prescription medications, it’s important to remember that natural does not always mean safe. Many of these products are sold online or through unregulated channels, with little oversight or verification of their contents.
Unlike FDA-approved medications, dietary supplements are not tested for safety, purity, or effectiveness before they reach the market. This means:
- The actual ingredients and dosages can vary widely from what’s listed on the label.
- Some products may be contaminated or adulterated with substances not disclosed – especially those marketed for weight loss.
- Quality and safety can vary significantly between brands, batches, and manufacturers.
Additionally, these products are not subject to the same rigorous testing, quality control, or approval processes as prescription drugs, which increases the risk of exposure to unsafe or ineffective ingredients.
We urge caution with any supplement – particularly those that claim to influence GLP-1 or promote weight loss – and recommend discussing any products you’re considering with a licensed healthcare provider before use.
Top Ingredients Found in GLP-1 Supplements
Many GLP-1 supplements on the market include a combination of natural ingredients that are promoted as “GLP-1 boosters” or “metabolic enhancers.” While some of these ingredients have shown promising effects in animal models or small human studies, the evidence is far from definitive – and often overstated in the marketing.
Here’s what the science says about the most common GLP-1 supplement ingredients:
Berberine
The Claims: Berberine, a plant compound used in traditional Chinese medicine, is often promoted for blood sugar control and weight management. It is thought to improve insulin sensitivity and may stimulate GLP-1 secretion in the gut.
The Evidence: Several small human trials and animal studies suggest berberine may modestly improve metabolic markers. However, while it may have an indirect effect on GLP-1 secretion, the studies are limited, and no large-scale clinical trials have confirmed its impact on weight loss through GLP-1 pathways alone.
The Verdict: Promising for blood sugar control; potentially modest GLP-1 support based on early studies, but not confirmed in humans. Not a replacement for GLP-1 medications.
Curcumin (from Turmeric)
The Claims: Curcumin is an anti-inflammatory compound that may influence GLP-1 secretion through gut hormone modulation and reduced inflammation.
The Evidence: While animal and laboratory studies suggest potential benefits, human data is minimal and largely indirect.There is no strong evidence showing curcumin alone can significantly increase GLP-1 levels or drive weight loss.
The Verdict: Potentially supportive of general metabolic health, but evidence for GLP-1 stimulation in humans is weak.
Capsaicin (from Chili Peppers)
The Claims: Capsaicin can activate gut receptors that may trigger the release of GLP-1 and reduce appetite.
The Evidence: Some small human studies have shown modest increases in GLP-1 levels and appetite suppression after capsaicin consumption. However, the effect is mild, and long-term data is lacking.
The Verdict: May offer short-term appetite effects, but unlikely to provide significant weight loss when used alone.
Bitter Melon
The Claims: Bitter melon contains compounds believed to influence glucose metabolism and possibly GLP-1 secretion.
The Evidence: Most of the research has been conducted in animal studies or small pilot human trials with mixed results.
The Verdict: Very limited human data. Not reliable as a stand-alone GLP-1 booster.
Yerba Mate
The Claims: Some studies suggest yerba mate may stimulate GLP-1 and reduce appetite.
The Evidence: Small studies have shown increases in GLP-1 after yerba mate consumption, but the overall research is in its early stages.
The Verdict: Interesting but inconclusive. Needs more human research before clear recommendations can be made. While some studies report GLP-1 increases, there is no evidence these translate to meaningful weight loss or metabolic improvements.
Psyllium Husk and Prebiotic Fibers
The Claims: Soluble fibers like psyllium and prebiotic fibers promote gut health and produce short-chain fatty acids that may stimulate GLP-1 secretion indirectly.
The Evidence: Compared to other ingredients, fiber has a stronger evidence base. Studies support its role in appetite regulation and gut hormone modulation, while increases in GLP-1 levels are modest.
The Verdict: While not marketed specifically as GLP-1 supplements, fiber is one of the most evidence-supported ways to support satiety and gut health. It may aid GLP-1 function somewhat, but effects are indirect and not comparable to GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Ginseng
The Claims: Ginseng, a popular herb in traditional medicine, is thought to influence glucose metabolism and possibly stimulate GLP-1 secretion through its active compounds called ginsenosides.
The Evidence: Some animal and cell studies suggest ginseng may enhance GLP-1 secretion and support blood sugar regulation. However, human studies are limited and results have been inconsistent.
The Verdict: Early research is promising, but high-quality human trials are needed. Ginseng may offer general metabolic support, but its GLP-1 effects in humans remain speculative.
Taurine
The Claims: Taurine is an amino acid that may influence GLP-1 secretion by activating certain gut receptors, potentially leading to improved insulin response and appetite control.
The Evidence: Most research is limited to animal models, where taurine has been shown to stimulate GLP-1 secretion. Human evidence is sparse and indirect.
The Verdict: Emerging area of interest, but more research is needed before taurine can be recommended specifically for GLP-1 support.
Cinnamon
The Claims: Cinnamon is widely studied for its potential blood sugar-lowering effects and may stimulate GLP-1 secretion via gut hormone pathways.
The Evidence: Some small human trials and animal studies have suggested modest improvements in blood glucose control, with indirect evidence of GLP-1 involvement. However, results are mixed and mechanisms are not well understood.
The Verdict: May support glucose metabolism, but its direct impact on GLP-1 remains unclear and unproven in more robust human studies.
Chromium
The Claims: Chromium is a mineral commonly marketed for improving insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control, with some claims that it may influence GLP-1 pathways.
The Evidence: Research on chromium’s effect on GLP-1 is limited and inconsistent. Some studies show no significant impact on GLP-1 levels, while others suggest small improvements in insulin action.
Th Verdict: Not a reliable GLP-1 booster. Its role in weight loss or appetite regulation is limited and often overstated.
2-Oleoyl Glycerol (2-OG)
The Claims: Found more frequently in experimental settings than in commercially available supplements, 2-OG is a lipid compound that activates receptors in the gut known to stimulate GLP-1 secretion, theoretically supporting satiety and appetite regulation.
The Evidence: Primarily studied in animal and in vitro models, showing GLP-1 stimulation and potential appetite-suppressing effects. Human studies are lacking.
The Verdict: A novel ingredient with intriguing mechanisms, but human clinical data is needed to confirm safety and effectiveness.
Green Tea Extract (Botanical Extract)
The Claims: Green tea extract, rich in catechins like EGCG, is thought to support metabolic health by promoting thermogenesis and possibly stimulating GLP-1.
The Evidence: Some small human studies suggest increases in GLP-1 levels after green tea consumption, but findings are inconsistent, and the effect appears to be modest.
The Verdict: May offer supportive benefits for metabolism and satiety, but not a strong or direct GLP-1 booster.
Saffron Extract (Botanical Extract)
The Claims: Saffron extract is marketed for appetite control and mood support, with some claims of influencing GLP-1 through serotonin-related pathways.
The Evidence: Limited small human trials suggest saffron may reduce snacking and appetite, but there’s no direct evidence linking saffron to increased GLP-1 secretion.
The Verdict: Promising for appetite management in some cases, but not well-supported as a GLP-1 stimulant.
Botanical Extracts (In General)
The Claims: A broad range of plant extracts are marketed for their metabolic benefits, often claiming to influence GLP-1 secretion or mimic its effects through antioxidant or anti-inflammatory pathways.
The Evidence: While some botanicals show promise in early studies (e.g., polyphenol-rich fruits, herbs), most have not been rigorously studied in human trials focusing on GLP-1.
The Verdict: Highly variable depending on the extract. Consumers should be wary of generalized claims without specific supporting evidence.
Red Orange Fruit Extract (Citrus Fruit Extract)
The Claims: Extracted from Sicilian red oranges, this citrus fruit extract is promoted for its antioxidant properties and possible metabolic support.
The Evidence: Some in vitro and animal studies suggest anti-obesity and blood sugar benefits, but GLP-1 effects are not well established in humans.
The Verdict: Limited and preliminary. Claims regarding GLP-1 support are not backed by solid human research.
Lemon Fruit Extract (Citrus Fruit Extract)
The Claims: Lemon extract contains polyphenols and flavonoids, which are theorized to support metabolism and potentially influence GLP-1 secretion.
The Evidence: While lemon and other citrus fruits have shown benefits for gut health and glucose control in some animal studies, there’s no strong evidence in humans specifically linking lemon extract to GLP-1 stimulation.
The Verdict: Emerging area of interest, but not a proven GLP-1 supplement. More research is needed.
Risks and Considerations
While GLP-1 supplements are often marketed as natural and safe, they come with either significant risks or major limitations. It’s important to understand the gaps in the science – and the very real potential for harm – especially with products that claim to promote weight loss.
Lack of FDA Regulation
Unlike prescription medications, dietary supplements are not approved or regulated by the FDA for safety, effectiveness, or consistency.This means:
- Ingredients and potency can vary widely between brands and batches.
- Some products may contain undisclosed ingredients or contaminants, particularly those purchased online.
- Marketing claims are not required to be scientifically validated before being placed on the label.
Risk of Undeclared or Dangerous Ingredients
Perhaps the most serious concern is that some supplements – especially those making bold weight loss claims – may contain undeclared prescription medications or banned substances.
- According to FDA safety alerts and weight loss medical training programs, if a supplement does appear to produce noticeable weight loss, it should be a red flag.
- Several products marketed as “natural” weight loss aids have been found to contain illicit or previously withdrawn pharmaceutical ingredients, which can lead to serious side effects or dangerous interactions.
- These products are often sold online or through unregulated sources, making them especially risky.
When a product claims significant weight loss, it’s best avoid it altogether. Any over-the-counter product that produces rapid results is likely to contain undeclared medications and should be reported to the FDA.
Limited and Preliminary Research
While some ingredients in GLP-1 supplements have been studied, the overall body of evidence is limited, and most research is preliminary.
- Many studies are small, short-term, or conducted in animals.
- Few, if any, large, randomized clinical trials exist for these supplements specifically targeting GLP-1 in humans.
- Results may vary significantly between individuals, and real-world outcomes often fall short of marketing promises.
Drug Interactions and Side Effects
Natural does not always mean safe. Several ingredients commonly found in GLP-1 supplements can interact with medications or cause side effects:
- Berberine can interfere with certain blood sugar medications and affect liver enzymes.
- Capsaicin may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, especially in higher doses.
- Yerba mate contains caffeine, which can raise heart rate and blood pressure or cause anxiety in sensitive individuals.
Not a Substitute for Medical Treatment
Experts agree: GLP-1 supplements are not an alternative to prescription medications for obesity, type 2 diabetes, or related metabolic conditions. Using supplements in place of proven treatments can:
- Delay effective care.
- Worsen existing health conditions.
- Lead to frustration or unsafe weight loss attempts.
Before starting any supplement, particularly if you have underlying health conditions or take other medications, it’s important to consult with a qualified healthcare provider to ensure safety and appropriateness.
Prescription Alternatives to GLP-1 Medications for Weight Loss
While GLP-1 medications like semaglutide and tirzepatide have become leading options for weight loss and metabolic health, they are not the only prescription treatments available. For individuals who cannot access or tolerate GLP-1 medications – or who are seeking alternative approaches – there are other FDA-approved medications that support weight management through different mechanisms.
Phentermine
- How it works: Acts as a stimulant to suppress appetite by affecting the central nervous system.
- Approved for: Short-term weight loss (up to 12 weeks).
- Considerations: May cause side effects such as elevated heart rate, insomnia, anxiety, or dry mouth. Not suitable for everyone, particularly those with heart conditions or high blood pressure.
Contrave® (Bupropion + Naltrexone)
- How it works: Combines two medications that target areas of the brain involved in hunger and cravings.
- Approved for: Long-term weight management in adults with obesity or overweight individuals with weight-related health issues.
- Considerations: May be appropriate for individuals with emotional eating or cravings, but carries risks such as nausea, headache, and may not be suitable for people with a history of seizures.
Qsymia® (Phentermine + Topiramate)
- How it works: Combines an appetite suppressant with a medication that alters taste and satiety cues.
- Approved for: Chronic weight management.
- Considerations: Can be effective but may cause side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, tingling, and mood changes. Regular medical monitoring is required.
Orlistat (Alli® / Xenical®)
- How it works: Blocks the absorption of dietary fat in the intestines.
- Approved for: Over-the-counter (Alli) and prescription (Xenical) use for weight loss.
- Considerations: Can cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as oily stools or urgency, especially when combined with high-fat meals. Works best alongside a low-fat diet.
Low-Dose Naltrexone (Off-Label Use)
- How it works: Though not FDA-approved for weight loss, some healthcare providers use low-dose naltrexone off-label for appetite regulation and inflammation control.
- Evidence: Still emerging. Some early research and clinical use suggest potential benefits, but more studies are needed.
- Considerations: While early research and clinical observations suggest potential appetite and inflammation benefits, long-term safety and effectiveness remain unproven. Side effects can include vivid dreams, sleep disturbances, or nausea, and is not suitable for individuals using opioid pain medications or those undergoing treatment for opioid addiction.
Compounded Liraglutide
- How it works: Unlike the other supplements and medications on this list, compounded liraglutide is an actual GLP-1 receptor agonist medication. It works by mimicking the body’s GLP-1 hormone, helping to regulate blood sugar, suppress appetite, and promote weight loss – similar to semaglutide and tirzepatide.
- Approved for: Liraglutide (branded as Saxenda® for weight management) is FDA-approved for weight loss; compounded versions are prepared by licensed compounding pharmacies for patients who may need a more affordable option.
- Considerations: While compounded versions of semaglutide and tirzepatide are now essentially unavailable due to recent regulatory actions, compounded liraglutide remains a more accessible GLP-1 option for many patients.
Finding the Right Approach for You
Weight loss medications – whether GLP-1 based or not – should always be prescribed and monitored by a qualified healthcare provider as part of a comprehensive treatment plan that includes nutrition, physical activity, and behavior support.
At OVYVO, we work closely with each patient to assess their health needs, preferences, and medical history to determine the most appropriate treatment approach – whether that includes GLP-1 therapies, other prescription medications, or structured lifestyle interventions.
Final Thoughts
As interest in GLP-1 supplements grows alongside the rising popularity – and cost – of GLP-1 medications like semaglutide, it’s important to approach these products with extreme caution and a clear understanding of what they can and cannot do.
While some ingredients found in GLP-1 supplements – such as berberine, psyllium fiber, and capsaicin – show modest potential to support metabolic health and may indirectly influence GLP-1 secretion, the science behind these supplements remains limited and preliminary. They are not replacements for GLP-1 medications, they can’t deliver the powerful, clinically proven effects of prescription therapies, and they are not regulated with the same rigor.
Even more concerning, some supplements that claim to promote weight loss may pose real health risks. If a supplement appears to cause noticeable weight loss, it could actually contain undeclared prescription drugs, banned substances, or other adulterants. Many of these have been linked to serious side effects or were previously removed from the market for safety reasons.
Remember, if it sounds too good to be true, it probably is.
At OVYVO, we strongly advise against using over-the-counter supplements that make unverified or aggressive weight loss claims. Instead, we recommend treatments that are evidence-based, medically supervised, and tailored to your individual health profile.
If you’re looking for effective, science-backed support for weight loss and metabolic health, the safest and most effective path forward is to speak with a licensed medical provider. There are multiple FDA-approved and affordable prescription options available, including alternatives for those no longer able to access compounded semaglutide or tirzepatide.
At OVYVO, we specialize in helping patients navigate their options safely and with confidence. Whether you’re exploring GLP-1 therapies, prescription alternatives, or just looking for expert guidance, we’re here to help.
Get in touch with us today or schedule a virtual appointment to explore a personalized plan for your health and weight loss goals…
Disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or before making any changes to your diet or exercise program.
Disclaimer: Compounded medications are prepared by a licensed compounding pharmacy for individual patients based on a valid prescription. These preparations are tailored to meet the unique needs of patients when commercially available medications do not suit their specific requirements or when there is a shortage of commercially available drugs. OVYVO Medical Weight Loss distributes compounded medications in accordance with state and federal regulations. Details about the pharmacy and the compounding process are available upon request. It is important to note that compounded medications are not reviewed or approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for safety or efficacy, and we make no claims regarding their safety or effectiveness for any particular condition. The safety and quality of compounded medications are regulated by state boards of pharmacy and other relevant authorities.